Urinary Tract Infection: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and T

Introduction The urinary tract makes and stores urine, which is one of the waste products of the body. Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down the ureters to the bladder. The urethra in a male is about 8 inches (20cm) long and opens at the end of the penis. The urethra provides an exit for urine as well as semen during ejaculation (Urology Health, 2014). Normal urine is sterile and contains no bacteria. However, bacteria may get into the urine from the urethra and travel into the bladder, causing an infection. A bladder infection is known as cystitis and a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis (Elsevier, 2010). The focus of this paper is to present Mr. Lane’s case study of Urinary tract infection; mention pertinent labs, diagnostic tests that were done to obtain the diagnosis and the outcome. There are various factors that cause Urinary tract infection. The factors that lead to the development of the infection will be discussed. This paper will describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the treatment options that were considered to manage the infection. Epidemiology/ Demographics Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are responsible for more than 8.1 million visits to physicians' offices per year and about five percent of all visits to primary care physicians. Approximately 40 percent of women and 12 percent of men will experience at least one symptomatic urinary tract infection during their lifetime (Sanchez, Gupta, & Hitler, 2012). Urology Health (2014) reveals that among persons over age 65, bacteriuria affects men and women roughly equally (approximately 40%), with the majority of infections being asymptomatic. Routine screening and treatment has not been found to decrease morbidity or mortality in this... ... Journal of Adult Nephrology 15(11), 862-868. McPhee, S., & Papadakis, M. (2013). Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. San Francisco, California, United States of America: McGraw Hill & Lange. Rahn, D.D. (2010). Assessment and Management of patients with Urinary tract infections: contemporary management. Urologic Nursing, 28(5), 333-341. Sanchez, G.G., Gupta, K., & Hiller S. (2012). Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract infection: A Multidisciplinary approach for uncomplicated cases. Infectious disease of America. 70(1), 3-10. Urology Health (2014). Urinary Tract infection. Retrieved Tuesday, April 29, 2014 from http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=47 Williams, L. (2013). Urinalysis: New Technologies, New potential. Retrieved April 29, 2014 from http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/urinalysis-newtechnologies-new- potential.php